为什么“师范大学”译成normal，清华大学是Tsinghua?今天小编给大家带来了高校英文译名 ，希望可以帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
为什么“师范大学”译成normal，清华大学是Tsinghua?高校英文译名套路真多!
How to translate these Chinese universities' name into English
为什么“师范大学”译成normal，清华大学是Tsinghua?高校英文译名套路真多!
How to translate these Chinese universities' name into EnglishChina Daily 2020-07-11 09:00
为什么北京师范大学是Beijing Normal University?清华和北大为啥是Tsinghua University和Peking University?上海交通大学为什么直接音译为Shanghai Jiao Tong University?
高校英文译名套路多，双语君(微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile)和大家一起盘点中国大学英文译名有几款。
1以地名命名
以地名命名的综合性大学最为常见，这类大学的英译通常没有争议，采用中规中矩的中文拼音作为英文译名。
南京大学
Nanjing University (NJU)
浙江大学
Zhejiang University (ZJU)
2以专业特色命名
外语类大学、工业大学、财经大学等以专业特色命名的大学在翻译校名时往往会加入相应专业特色。
比如：
外国语大学通常采用foreign studies或international studies的译法;
“工业”的译法处理为technology或polytechnical;
“财经”则直译为finance and economics。
上海外国语大学
Shanghai International Studies University (SISU)
北京外国语大学
Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU)
北京工业大学
Beijing University of Technology (BJUT)
西北工业大学
Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)
上海财经大学
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (SUFE)
3师范大学为什么译作normal university
我国师范类高等院校的英文校名基本译为normal university / college。
为什么师范翻译成normal?
其实，normal一词并非直接来源于英语，而是来源于法语。
世界上第一所师范大学就是著名的“巴黎高等师范学院”。法文名即Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris，简称“巴黎高师”。
在法语中，“école normale”是一种模范学校，开设规范化课程，教授未来有志做老师的学生标准的教学方法。
而normale在法语中，除了表示“正常的”，还有“师范的;规范的，标准的”意思。
1872年，日本仿照巴黎高师建立了亚洲第一所师范学校——东京高等师范学校(筑波大学的前身)，并把“normal school”翻译为“师范学校”，后来便传入了清末的中国。
所以，中国的师范大学也通常翻译为“normal university”。
北京师范大学
Beijing Normal University (BNU)
华东师范大学
East China Normal University (ECNU)
不过，许多英语母语人士并不理解normal university是什么大学，也很难将其与“教师培训学校”联系起来。
国外的师范学校通常采用teachers' college。
比如：
London Teacher Training College(伦敦师范学院)
Teachers College, Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学师范学院)
4这些大学校名里的“民族、交通、人民”为什么音译
你有没有考虑过这些大学校名里的“民族”为什么不翻译成ethnic groups?“交通”为什么不翻译成transportation?“人民”为什么不翻译成people吗?
中央民族大学
Minzu University of China (MUC)
2008年前，中央民族大学的校名英译版本为Central University For Nationalities。
但采用nationalities一词问题颇多：
❶ Nationality概念含混。牛津高阶英汉双解词典对“nationality”的解释是：(构成国家一部分的)民族群体，而中国的民族大学包含的是汉族在内的全体中华民族的大学。
❷ Nationality最主要的意思是国籍，其意思解释顺序是：国籍、国家、民族、部落。“民族”的意思排较后，会让英语母语人士产生“国籍大学”或“部落大学”等误解。
上海交通大学
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)
上海交通大学原校长张杰在2012级新生开学典礼上曾对校名作出解释：
中国最古老的哲学著作《易经·泰卦》中有一句话：“天地交而万物通，上下交而其志同”，阐释出一种宇宙观和价值观，这是对宇宙万物和谐共生的哲学认知，是对自然规律的独特感悟。
这个解释虽然极富哲理，但这并不是交大校名的真实出处。
交通大学是1921年由中华民国北洋政府交通部所属散居三地的大学合并而成的，译为Chiao Tung University。
为什么交通没有翻译为transportation呢?一种说法是中华民国交通部涵盖运输、通信、气象、观光四大领域，因此，“交通”二字的含义并非transportation可简单涵盖。
中国人民大学
Renmin University of China (RUC)
虽然多数情况下“人民”会翻译成people，例如：
中华人民共和国
People's Republic of China
全国人民代表大会
National People's Congress
中国人民银行
People's Bank of China
但中国人民大学的英文译名却并未采用People’s univeristy这一译法，而直接采取音译Renmin，原因有二：
❶ 国外也有people's univeristy的概念，但这类大学类似于国内的“成人函授学校”、“社区大学”，与人大作为名校的实际地位不符;
❷ 由于people一词存在的政治色彩，中外对该词的理解有一定文化差异，会造成英语母语人士的误解。
5清华大学为什么叫Tsinghua University
清华北大的英文名，要从威妥玛拼音法和邮政式拼音讲起。
威妥玛式拼音法(Wade-Giles romanization)是英国人威妥玛(Thomas Francis Wade)于1867年开始与人合编的一套注音规则，又称“威氏拼音”或“韦式拼音”。
后又发展出以威妥玛拼音为基础、依地区方言及古代发音修改而成的邮政式拼音(Chinese postal romanization)拼写地名。
例如：苏州(Soochow)、厦门(Amoy)、广州(Canton)。
这套注音系统影响了从清末到新中国建立之初的100多年。虽然现在“邮政式拼音”早已被废止，但一些说法仍然保留了下来。
例如：功夫(Kungfu)、太极(Taichi)、台北(Taipei)。
北京、清华在威妥玛拼音里其实是Pei-ching，Ch'ing hua，但在邮政式拼音里，北京是Peking，清华拼写为Tsinghua。
清华大学
Tsinghua University (THU)
北京大学
Peking University (PKU)
晚清后期孙中山先生前往香港求学，最初使用的是“孙日新”这个名字，后来他的香港国文老师为其改为“孙逸仙”，并按照粤语译音为Sun Yat-Sen，空耳听起来神似“双鸭山”。
中山大学
Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)
2017年，一张微博截图刷屏高校朋友圈，一书作者将Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学)译为“双鸭山大学”。虽然只是作者调侃玩梗，但却引起了许多网友的注意，甚至中大官微也发博回应“双鸭山大学”一梗。
河海大学因为其成立年代时我国仍沿用威氏音标方案，校名采用威妥玛拼音，“河海”一词译为“Hohai”。
河海大学
Hohai University (HHU)
你的大学英文译名是什么?快来评论区和双语君(微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile)分享吧!
哈佛大学和麻省理工学院起诉美国政府 反对留学生签证新规
Harvard and MIT sue Trump administration over online-only instruction for foreign students in the US
美国哈佛大学和麻省理工学院7月8日提起联邦诉讼，以阻止美国政府实施针对留学生的签证新规。为施压美国大学重启校园，美国国土安全部下属移民和海关执法局7月6日发布通告说，2020年秋季学期的留学生如果仅上网课，将无法取得赴美签证或维持当前签证。
Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Wednesday sued the Trump administration over its guidance not allowing foreign students to take online-only courses in the US this fall semester.
哈佛大学和麻省理工学院本周三(7月8日)对美国政府提起诉讼。之前，美国政府宣布禁止在今年秋季学期仅参加在线课程的国际学生留在美国。
Harvard announced earlier this week that all course instruction will be delivered online, including for students living on campus. In a statement provided to CNN, the university said the guidance stands to affect approximately 5,000 international students.
哈佛大学本周早些时候宣布，所有课程都将在网上授课，包括对住校学生的授课。哈佛大学在提供给美国有线电视新闻网的一份声明中表示，美国政府的这一政策将影响该校大约5000名国际学生。
"The order came down without notice—its cruelty surpassed only by its recklessness. It appears that it was designed purposefully to place pressure on colleges and universities to open their on-campus classrooms for in-person instruction this fall, without regard to concerns for the health and safety of students, instructors, and others," Harvard University President Larry Bacow said.
哈佛大学校长拉里·巴考说：“这一政策事先没有任何通知，不仅残酷更是鲁莽。这似乎是有意给高校施加压力，要求他们在今年秋天开放校园课堂，进行线下授课，而不考虑学生、教师和其他人的健康和安全问题。”
Visa requirements for students have always been strict and coming to the US to take online-only courses has been prohibited. Immigration and Customs Enforcement maintained that prohibition in its guidance, while providing some flexibility for hybrid models, meaning a mix of online and in-person classes.
美国对学生签证的要求一直很严格，来美国上在线课程已经被禁止。移民和海关执法局在其规定中坚持这一禁令，但同时为混合教学模式提供了一些灵活性，即在线和线下授课的混合模式。
The agency suggested that students currently enrolled in the US consider other measures, like transferring to schools with in-person instruction.
移民和海关执法局建议目前在美国就读的国际学生考虑其他办法，比如转学到有线下授课的学校。
Students enrolled in a school "operating entirely online" must either leave the country or transfer to a school that is offering in-person classes, ICE said.
移民和海关执法局表示，如果就读的学校“只开设在线课程”，学生必须离开美国，或转学到开设线下课程的学校。
"If not, they may face immigration consequences including, but not limited to, the initiation of removal proceedings," a news release said.
该机构发表的新闻稿中称：“如果违反规定，他们可能面临相应的后果，包括但不限于被驱逐出境。”
Students and pedestrians walk through the Yard at Harvard University, after the school said it would move to virtual instruction for graduate and undergraduate classes, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, March 10, 2020. [Photo/Agencies]The ICE announcement said that students enrolled in schools that offer a combination of in-person and online classes will be permitted to continue as long as the school certifies that the program is not all online, that the student is not exclusively taking online classes, and that "the student is taking the minimum number of online classes required to make normal progress in their degree program."
移民和海关执法局的声明称，只要高校提供线上和线下混合教学，证明课程不全是在线的，学生并不是只就读在线课程，并且“为了在学位课程中取得正常进展，学生在修读最低数量的在线课程”，学生就可以继续留在美国。
In an FAQ published by the agency, the Department of Homeland Security reasoned that "all students scheduled to study at a US institution in the fall will be able to do so, though some will be required to study from abroad if their presence is not required for any in-person classes in the United States."
在该机构发表的问答中，美国国土安全部认为“所有打算今年秋季在美国高校留学的学生都将能够这样做，虽然有些不必来校园上课的学生将被要求在国外在线学习。”
The lawsuit, filed in the US District Court for the District of Massachusetts, seeks to block the directive, arguing it violates the Administrative Procedures Act. The universities argue that ICE's decision not to provide an exemption for online-only courses puts them in an "untenable situation" of either proceeding with their plans to operate fully or largely online or attempt to provide in-person learning.
该诉讼已经提交给美国马萨诸塞州地区法院，试图阻止这一政策，称其违反了《行政程序法》。两所大学认为，移民和海关执法局决定不为纯在线课程提供豁免，使其处于“站不住脚的境地”，要么继续他们的计划，全部或大部分教学都在线上进行，要么尝试提供线下授课。
The lawsuit also underscores the challenge posed to students: "Just weeks from the start of the fall semester, these students are largely unable to transfer to universities providing on-campus instruction, notwithstanding ICE's suggestion that they might do so to avoid removal from the country."
这起诉讼也突显了学生面临的挑战：“距离秋季学期开学仅有几周时间，这些学生大多无法转学到提供线下授课的大学，尽管移民和海关执法局建议他们可以这样做，以避免被驱逐出境。”
It continues: "Moreover, for many students, returning to their home countries to participate in online instruction is impossible, impracticable, prohibitively expensive, and/or dangerous."
诉讼中继续写道：“此外，对许多学生来说，回到自己的国家参加在线教学是不可能的，不可行的，成本高得令人望而却步，或者很危险。”
Harvard and MIT's lawsuit also received support from Cornell. The university said its international students will largely not be affected due to hybrid teaching, but expressed strong opposition.
哈佛大学和麻省理工学院的诉讼也得到了康奈尔大学的支持。康奈尔大学表示，由于实施混合教学模式，该校的国际学生在很大程度上不会受到这一政策的影响，但仍对此表示强烈反对。
"This was wholly unexpected, and it is a senseless and unfair policy that runs counter to all that we stand for as a global academic community," said Martha E. Pollack, president of Cornell University. There are more than 1 million international students in the US.
康奈尔大学校长玛莎·E.波拉克说：“这完全出乎意料，这是一项毫无意义、不公平的政策，与我们作为国际化的学术界所主张的一切背道而驰。”美国国际学生人数超过100万。
群体免疫真的靠谱吗?西班牙新研究提出质疑
Herd immunity strategies called into question after coronavirus antibody study in Spain
Covid-19 antibodies in Spain’s population “are insufficient to provide herd immunity,” a new study has claimed, despite the country being one of the worst-affected by the pandemic.
尽管西班牙是受疫情冲击最严重的国家之一，但一项新研究称，西班牙人口的新冠病毒抗体“不足以产生群体免疫”。
In a peer-reviewed paper published in the Lancet medical journal Monday, researchers from Harvard, MIT and several Spanish institutions analyzed findings from a widescale study on antibody prevalence in Spain.
本周一(7月6日)发表在医学期刊《柳叶刀》上的同行评审论文中，来自哈佛大学、麻省理工学院和几个西班牙研究所的研究人员分析了对西班牙抗体普及率进行的一项大规模研究得出的结果。
More than 251,700 cases of coronavirus have been confirmed in Spain, while the virus has killed 28,388 people in the country to date, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University. With 607 deaths per million people, Spain has the third-highest number of deaths relative to population in the world, according to Our World in Data.
根据约翰斯·霍普金斯大学编纂的数据，西班牙确诊的新冠肺炎病例逾251700例，迄今为止新冠病毒已导致该国28388人丧生。用数据看世界网站的数据显示，西班牙每100万人中就有607人死于新冠肺炎，死亡率排全球第三。
Households all over Spain were invited at random by the research team to take part in the study, which aimed to determine the proportion of the population that had developed antibodies for the coronavirus.
研究团队随机邀请西班牙各地的家庭参与这项研究，该研究旨在确定产生新冠病毒抗体的人占西班牙人口的比例。
A total of 61,075 people agreed to participate in the study, which was carried out between April 27 and May 11. Participants answered a questionnaire on coronavirus symptoms, were given a point-of-care finger prick test, and had the option to donate blood for further laboratory testing (which 51,958 of the people in the study did).
总共有61075人同意参与这项研究，研究于4月27日到5月11日期间进行。参与者要填写一份关于新冠肺炎症状的问卷，接受即时手指点刺检测，并可选择是否捐血进行进一步的实验室测试(51958名研究参与者捐了血)。
point-of-care: 即时的
A woman adjusts her face mask as she walks out of a store advertising going-out-of-business sales, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in Madrid, Spain, July 8, 2020. REUTERS/Susana Vera
Just 5% of participants presented with antibodies from point-of-care tests, while antibodies were detected in 4.6% of the blood samples.
手指点刺检测中只有5%的参与者发现了抗体，提交的血液样本中有4.6%检测出了抗体。
According to the findings, there was “substantial geographical variability,” with antibodies found in 10% of samples from Madrid but just 3% of those taken from coastal areas.
研究发现，抗体分布存在着“极大的地理变化性”，马德里有10%的样本发现了抗体，而沿海地区只有3%的样本发现了抗体。
Around a third of those who tested positive for Covid-19 antibodies had been asymptomatic while infected with the virus, the study found.
研究发现，约有三分之一新冠病毒抗体检测呈阳性的人在感染病毒时无症状。
Among those who reported having been unwell with symptoms of Covid-19 prior to the study, 16.9% tested positive for antibodies. Meanwhile, 90% of those who had tested positive for the coronavirus more than 14 days before taking part in the study had antibodies detected in their lab-tested blood samples.
那些报告称在研究前因新冠肺炎症状而感到不适的人有16.9%检测出了抗体。与此同时，在参与研究至少14天前新冠病毒检测呈阳性的人有90%在送交实验室检测的血液样本中发现了抗体。
"Despite the high impact of Covid-19 in Spain, prevalence estimates remain low and are clearly insufficient to provide herd immunity,” the report’s authors said. “This cannot be achieved without accepting the collateral damage of many deaths in the susceptible population and overburdening of health systems. In this situation, social distance measures and efforts to identify and isolate new cases and their contacts are imperative for future epidemic control.”
该报告的作者称：“尽管新冠病毒对西班牙造成了很大冲击，但是抗体的普及率依然偏低，显然不足以产生群体免疫。要达成群体免疫，就不得不接受易感人群大量死亡和让医疗系统超负荷的附带损害。在这种情况下，未来的疫情防控中必须实行社交隔离措施，努力发现和隔离新病例及其密切接触者。”
A man wearing a protective feace mask stands during the lockdown amid the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Burela, Spain July 6, 2020. REUTERS/Miguel Vidal
Herd immunity is achieved when immunity is built among the general population through some exposure to a virus or infection. The strategy has been cited by health officials in Sweden, which controversially did not impose a lockdown.
群体免疫的理念是，某种程度的接触或感染病毒，从而让整个群体产生抗体。瑞典卫生官员曾引用了这一策略，该国没有实施封锁的决定备受争议。
However, many experts are skeptical about the effectiveness of such an approach, warning that immunity to the coronavirus is not guaranteed after infection or may only last a short while.
然而，许多专家都对这种方式的有效性感到怀疑，并警告称，感染新冠病毒后不一定会产生免疫力，或者免疫力可能只能延续一小段时间。
Speaking on CNBC’s “Squawk Box Europe” on Monday, Danny Altmann, professor of immunology at Imperial College London, said it was not a “safe bet” to rely on immunity to Covid-19 as a strategy for coping with the pandemic, adding that herd immunity strategies were “probably never going to work.”
帝国理工学院免疫学教授丹尼·阿尔特曼周一在CNBC电视台的《欧洲之声》节目上说，依靠新冠病毒免疫力作为应对疫情的策略“有风险”，并补充道，群体免疫策略“很可能永远不会奏效”。
Depending on how contagious an infection is, between 50% and 90% of a population must be immune to achieve herd immunity, according to experts at Johns Hopkins University, who estimate that at least 70% of the population would need to be immune to Covid-19 for herd immunity to be realized.
约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的专家称，要达到群体免疫，50%到90%的人口都必须产生免疫力，比例大小取决于病毒的传染性有多强。专家估计，要实现对新冠病毒的群体免疫，至少70%的人口必须产生免疫力。
Top White House health advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci speculated last month that if Covid-19 behaved like other coronaviruses, there “likely isn’t going to be a long duration of immunity” from antibodies. Meanwhile, the WHO has stated that it remains unclear whether those who have already caught the virus once will be immune to getting it again.
白宫顶级卫生顾问安东尼·福奇博士上月推测，如果新冠病毒和其他冠状病毒的行为模式一样，那么抗体带来的“免疫力应该不会持续很长时间”。与此同时，世界卫生组织指出，尚不清楚曾感染过新冠病毒的人是否能免于再度感染。
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